Swamp Saw-Grass

Tahitian names

‘Uti’uti (FP)

Interesting facts

This herb is distributed and found all over the world. In Tetiaroa it grows on almost all the motu and is abundant around lakes. It can grow up to 1.5 m (5 ft) long and indicates marshy areas. It was once used by Polynesians to find fresh water. On other Pacific islands it is used to make paper.

Family

Cyperaceae

Biogeographical status

Native

Life form

Herbaceous

Abundance on Tetiaroa

Common

Ecosystem on Tetiaroa

Around Fresh Water

Resources & Documents

sources & credits
legend

S: Society | T: Tuamotu | M: Marquesas | G: Gambier | A: Australs | FP: French Polynesia

Cladium around the kopara pond on motu Rimatu'u

Cladium around the kopara pond on motu Rimatu'u

Our organism of the month is Cladium mariscus (subspecies jamaicense), otherwise known by its English common name as “sawgrass” or in Tahitian as uti uti. This hardy sedge grows in wet and slightly submerged habitat around the lakes and depressions that dip into the water table on the motu.

The variety found in Polynesia, Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense is a large sedge with long tough leaves growing from rhizomes. Each stand produces a number of large flower spikes that rise above the leaves.

Sedges are the common name for plants in the Cyperaceae family and a closely related to rushes and grasses. The genus Cladium has three species, and the species C. mariscus has four subspecies. Remarkably the natural distribution of this species covers most of the globe.

  • C. mariscus mariscus covers Europe and Asia,
  • C. mariscus mariscoides covers temperate North America,
  • C. mariscus californicum covers California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Texas, Sonora, Coahuila, and
  • C. mariscus jamaicense covers Latin America, the Caribbean, Southeast US, tropical Africa, and islands from Madagascar across to all of Polynesia.

The same subspecies found in Tetiaroa is the signature plant of the Florida Everglades where it serves as nesting habitat for alligators.

C. mariscus mariscus

C. mariscus mariscus

Photo: Kristian Peters CC BY-SA 3.0

C. mariscus mariscoides

C. mariscus mariscoides

Photo: CJChapm CC BY-SA 4.0

C. mariscus californicum

C. mariscus californicum

C. mariscus jamaicense

C. mariscus jamaicense

On Tetiaroa it is found on seven of the motu, most notably around the lakes on Horoatera and Rimatu'u.

Cladium mariscus swamps are important stores of carbon in the form of deep organic peat soils, originating from years of build-up of decomposing plant litter.

 

The incredible worldwide distribution of this plant is enabled by a seed-like fruiting body called an achene that can withstand prolonged periods in seawater and being processed by the digestive tracts of birds.

Cladium-mariscus-flower-spike

Photo: © Hans Hillewaert / CC BY-SA 4.0

Cladium-jamaicense-propagation

An emerging bud

Dispersal as a floating seed might account for short over-water distances, but it is likely that birds carried the seeds between oceanic islands and continents.

Once in place sawgrass reproduces sexually via windblown pollen, but it also produces clones that bud off of rhizomes.

This allows the plant to quickly take over prime habitat. It also means that any given marsh could be made up of some number of individual plants that have cloned off clumps of themselves in inter-twining patterns.

Cladium grows in a wide border between the the kopara pond and the coconut tree forest on motu Rimatu'u.

Cladium grows in a wide border between the the kopara pond and the coconut tree forest on motu Rimatu'u.

cladium cordage

Cladium cordage from Hawaii

In Hawaii, where it is called uki it was recorded that it was in costumes and cordage, but there is very little information about use across the rest of Polynesia. The same species has been used for thatch and biofuel in England.

Cladium-thatched roof

Cladium-thatched roof

cladium grows in a wide border around the pond

Uti uti grows in a wide border around the motu ponds.

On Tetiaroa sawgrass can be seen around the lakes on Horoatera and Rimatu'u where it forms a wide border, and on other motu in depressions that come close to the water table.

It is difficult to walk through given the growth density and the “saw” part of the sawgrass name. Where there are trails through it though you can see that the cladium marshes are creating a layer of peat that is soft and spongy underfoot.